The detail in the story of the exodus is highly emphasized in the Torah, yet at first sight it appears almost unintelligible. Here is the command:

Now the Lord had said to Moses, ‘I will bring one more plague on Pharaoh and on Egypt. After that, he will let you go from here, and when he does, he will drive you out completely. Tell the people that men and women alike are to ask their neighbors for articles of silver and gold.’ (Exodus 11: 1-2)

And here is its fulfillment:

The Egyptians urged the people to hurry and leave the country. ‘For otherwise,’ they said, ‘we will all die!’ So the people took their dough before the yeast was added, and carried it on their shoulders in kneading troughs wrapped in clothing. The Israelites did as Moses instructed and asked the Egyptians for articles of silver and gold and for clothing. The Lord had made the Egyptians favorably disposed toward the people, and they gave them what they asked for; so they plundered the Egyptians. (Exodus 12:33-36)

Why the silver and gold? The Israelites were in such a hurry to leave, and the Egyptians so hasty in urging their departure that they did not even have time for the dough to rise. Why then was God so insistent that they take the time to ask for these parting gifts? What conceivable use did they have for them in the long journey across the wilderness?

Our perplexity is made all the more acute when we remember what they actually did with the gold. They used it to commit the worst sin of those years: the making of a golden calf. The Talmud (Berakhot 32a) says that Moses referred to this fact in defending Israel. In effect, he said to God: Had you not told them to take gold from Egypt, they would not have had the materials with which to make the calf!

Yet we cannot doubt that this detail is fundamental to the story, because God refers to it in hisfirst encounter with Moses, at the burning bush, before the Exodus had begun—long before Moses had returned to Egypt:

And I will make the Egyptians favorably disposed toward this people, so that when you leave you will not go empty handed. Every woman is to ask her neighbor and any woman living in her house for articles of silver and gold and for clothing, which you will put on your sons and daughters. And so you will plunder [ve-nitzaltem] the Egyptians.”

Why was this so important?

It is not until we reach the end of the Mosaic books that we can begin to understand it in retrospect. Two details from the book of Deuteronomy provide the key. The first has to do with the liberation of slaves:

If a fellow Hebrew, a man or a woman, sells himself to you and serves you six years, in the seventh year you must let him go free. And when you release him, do not send him away empty-handed. Supply him liberally from your flock, your threshing floor and your winepress. Give to him as the Lord your God has blessed you. Remember that you were slaves in Egypt and the Lord your God redeemed you. That is why I give you this command today. (Exodus 15: 12-15)

The second is one of the most striking commands of all, Moses’ insistence:

Do not hate an Edomite, for he is your brother. Do not hate an Egyptian, because you were a stranger in his land. (Exodus 23: 7)

This is remarkable. The Israelites had been enslaved by the Egyptians. They owed them no debt of gratitude. On the contrary, they were entitled to feel a lingering resentment. Yet Moses insists that they should not do so. They should bear the Egyptians no ill will. Why? In this brief command we have one of the most profound insights into the nature of a free society.

A people driven by hate are not—cannot be—free. Had the people carried with them a burden of hatred and a desire for revenge, Moses would have taken the Israelites out of Egypt, but he would not have taken Egypt out of the Israelites. They would still be there, bound by chains of anger as restricting as any metal. To be free you have to let go of hate.

There is a fundamental difference between living with the past and living in the past. Judaism is a religion of memory. We remember the Exodus annually, even daily. But we do so for the sake of the future, not the past. “Do not oppress the stranger,” says the Torah, “because you know what it feels like to be a stranger.” In other words: What you suffered, do not inflict [on another}. Memory is a moral tutorial. In Santayana’s famous words: Those who do not remember the past are destined to repeat it. Israel remembers its past precisely in order not to repeat it. Moses’ message is: Remember, but not in order to hate.

That means drawing a line over the resentments of the past. That is why, when a slave went free, his master had to give him gifts. This was not to compensate for the fact of slavery. There is no way of giving back the years spent in servitude. But there is a way of ensuring that the parting is done with goodwill, with some symbolic compensation. The gifts allow the former slave to reach emotional closure; to feel that a new chapter is beginning; to leave without anger and a sense of humiliation. One who has received gifts finds it hard to hate.

That is the significance of the silver and gold taken from the Egyptians by the Israelites at the express command of God. The early-20th-century commentator Benno Jacob translated the word ve-nitzaltem (Exodus 3: 22) as “You shall save,” not “You shall plunder” the Egyptians. The gifts they took from their neighbors were intended, Jacob argues, to persuade the Israelites that it was not the Egyptians as a whole, only Pharaoh and the leadership, who were responsible for their enslavement (see the commentary of Chief Rabbi J. H. Hertz to Ex. 3: 22). They were meant to save the Egyptians from any possible future revenge by Israel.

The message could not be more germane to our situation in the early 21th century. In an age riven by ethnic and religious conflict, the message of the Torah rings true in our time. To be free, you have to let go of hate.

Excerpted with permission from Covenant & Conversation: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible Exodus: the Book of Redemption by Chief Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks (Maggid Books and The OUPress).